Density, Mass & Volume Calculator
Solve for mass, volume or density with 40 common materials preloaded. Results come in metric and imperial units, with specific gravity, a float-or-sink check and support for porous or partly filled parts such as 3D prints.
Written by Suhaib Hassan. Figures are estimates you can edit. Our methodology.
It uses ρ = m ÷ V after converting everything to grams and cubic centimetres, then converts back to whichever units you pick.
Material densities are scattered across handbooks and datasheets. This puts typical values next to the arithmetic and the unit conversions.
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Density of common materials
Typical values near room temperature. Real materials vary with alloy, moisture, temperature and manufacturing, so treat these as good estimates. Specific gravity is density compared with water.
| Material | g/cm³ | kg/m³ | lb/ft³ | Specific gravity |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Water at 20 °C | 0.998 | 998 | 62.30 | 0.998 |
| Steel, carbon | 7.85 | 7,850 | 490.06 | 7.851 |
| Aluminium 6061 | 2.7 | 2,700 | 168.56 | 2.700 |
| Titanium Ti-6Al-4V | 4.43 | 4,430 | 276.56 | 4.431 |
| Cast iron, gray | 7.15 | 7,150 | 446.36 | 7.151 |
| Copper | 8.96 | 8,960 | 559.35 | 8.961 |
| Gold | 19.32 | 19,320 | 1206.11 | 19.323 |
| Lead | 11.34 | 11,340 | 707.93 | 11.342 |
| Oak | 0.75 | 750 | 46.82 | 0.750 |
| Pine | 0.5 | 500 | 31.21 | 0.500 |
| Concrete | 2.4 | 2,400 | 149.83 | 2.400 |
| Ethanol | 0.789 | 789 | 49.26 | 0.789 |
| Olive oil | 0.91 | 910 | 56.81 | 0.910 |
| PLA | 1.24 | 1,240 | 77.41 | 1.240 |
| ABS | 1.04 | 1,040 | 64.93 | 1.040 |
Formulas
How the numbers are worked out.
Density
Mass per unit volume. Rearrange for mass or volume.
ρ = m ÷ V
m = ρ × V
V = m ÷ ρSolid fill
For a part that is not fully solid, the effective density is the material density times the fill fraction.
effective ρ = ρ × fill%Floating and buoyancy
An object floats if its effective density is below the fluid's. Water at 20 °C is 0.998 g/cm³.
floats if ρ < 0.998 g/cm³
net force = (water displaced − mass) × gWorked examples
Illustrative figures, each checked by hand. The first is the default setup.
Steel block
250 cm³ of steel at 7.85 g/cm³ (the default).
displaces 250 g of water, so net downward pull is 1,712.5 g, and it sinks
Volume from mass
5 kg of aluminium 6061 at 2.70 g/cm³.
3D print
200 cm³ of PLA (1.24 g/cm³) printed at 20% infill.
mass = 0.248 × 200 = 49.6 g
this is below 0.998, so it floats
How to calculate density, mass or volume
- Choose what you want to find.
- Pick a material to fill in its density, or enter your own.
- Enter the other two values with their units.
- Read the result, its conversions, specific gravity and whether the object floats in water.
Densities are typical values near 20 °C. Actual alloys, woods and plastics vary, and gases and liquids change with temperature and pressure. Use the supplier's datasheet for engineering work.
By Suhaib Hassan · Reviewed 29 September 2026 · How CalculatePilot verifies formulas →
Sources
- CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, Density of common materials.
- ASM International, ASM Handbook, Volume 1: Properties and Selection: Irons, Steels, and High-Performance Alloys.
- NIST, Guide for the Use of the International System of Units (SI), SP 811.
Frequently asked questions
How do you calculate density?
Divide mass by volume. A block of 1,962.5 g with a volume of 250 cm³ has a density of 7.85 g/cm³.
What is specific gravity?
The ratio of a material's density to the density of water. Water is 1, steel is about 7.85, and anything below 1 floats in water.
How do I convert g/cm³ to kg/m³?
Multiply by 1,000. Steel at 7.85 g/cm³ is 7,850 kg/m³.
Why does the fill percentage matter?
A 3D print or foam is not solid material. A part at 20% infill has roughly one fifth of the solid material's density plus its outer walls, so treat this as an estimate.
Does temperature change density?
Yes. Most materials expand when heated and become less dense. The change is small for solids and larger for liquids and gases.
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